Reagan Administrations Foreign Policy in Latin America...

Reagan Administrations Foreign Policy in Latin America Throughout the Cold War the United States considered the installation in Latin America of radical regimes-socialist, Marxist-Leninist, or â€Å"leftist† in any way- to be utterly intolerable. Any such development would represent an advance for the communist cause and a vital loss for the West. Acceptance of this outcome could weaken the credibility of the United States as the leader of the west and as a rival for the USSR. In the eyes of Cold Warriors, the consolidation of any left-wing regime in the Western Hemisphere would have dire and perilous implications for U.S. national security and for the global distribution of power. It was therefore crucial to resist this possibility by†¦show more content†¦The next day Reagan signed an executive order approving the invasion. A combined force of 1,900 US Marines and army airborne troops launched an assault on Grenada. All significant military objectives were achieved in roughly 36 hours. Reagan justified the operation as a n effort to protect US citizens whose safety was threatened because â€Å"a gang of leftist thugs† (Lake 182) had seized power to forestall further chaos, and assist in restoration of democracy. In El Salvador, a mountainous coffee-growing country of 5 million citizens was ruled by an unholy alliance of large-scale landowners and military officers. Acceleration of agriculture exports during the 1960’s led to an increased concentration of rural holdings by large-scale landowners and in turn increased the percentage of peasants who had no land at all. A reformist challenge to the status quo came through the Christian Democratic Party, under the leadership of Josà © Duarte. As mayor of San Salvador, Duarte built strong connections with intellectuals, professionals, and other middle-class groups that if the military hadn’t interfered and imposed dictatorial rule he would have surely won the election for presidency in 1972. Fake elections in 1977 led to the installation of General Carlos Humberto Romero as president, who imposed a law to defend and guarantee public order. Duarte himself was imprisoned, tortured, and exiled but never fled to the hills. AShow MoreRel atedEssay on The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy1287 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy SHAMIKA WARD EMMANUEL OBUAH POL 300: Contemp Intl Problems May 31, 2013 The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy The Reagan Doctrine was the foreign policy in the United States, enacted by President Ronald Reagan. The doctrine was design to eradicate the communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were authorized and corroborated by the Soviet Union. This assignment will review by what method the United States delivered open and private backingRead More America’s War on Drugs vs. Legalization Essay3396 Words   |  14 Pagesuse of illegal drugs. Many believe that this is a war worth fighting, while others feel that America will never conquer the war on drugs. The latter suggest legalization as an alternative plan that will help save the country millions of dollars. In this paper, I will examine the history of the drug war as well as the arguments for and against fighting the war on drugs. Illegal drug use in America dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. At this time two to five percent of the entireRead MoreWays the executive branch of the U.S. goverment, through various laws and acts, gained power over the legislative and judicial brances.1710 Words   |  7 Pagesprevalence of the legislative power severely limiting the authority of the executive, there is a large imbalance between the demands and expectations pressing in upon the President and his capacity to respond to them. The president cannot get his policies adopted by Congress without long delays and much bargaining. 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ISBN-13 978-0470-16968-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal EmploymentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesreproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying

Becoming Eco Literate And Its Effect On Our Society

Ecologising education is at the forefront of education departments not only in regards to the earth but also the learning it can develop for the children. Not only is sustainability allowing our earth to regenerate but it gives children the opportunity to learn about their own consumption. Becoming eco literate has many values including active community participation, critical thinking and collaboration skills. These skills are sought after in society today, but with anything comes the challenges, not every person will learn to become sustainable and continue to carry on these habits throughout life as there are many other influences including friends and family. Ecologising education can also be known as education for sustainability†¦show more content†¦The key features to ecologising education is the fact that it is learner driven and it also can be integrated into every facet of the curriculum rather than being one topic in the curriculum that needs to be covered. Being sustainable allows for all cultural differences, it allows all cultures to come together with their common knowledge of their earth to develop an understanding of the environment, it’s consumption an effects, economic and social aspects of sustainability. Despite this diversity, many principles for living sustainably are shared, not only among indigenous peoples, but also between different religious traditions. (UNESCO, 2010) Children learning about sustainability and how to practice being sustainable will understand how nature works and they will be able to feel a close connection to the earth in doing so. As everything around us is continually evolving children are able to become resilient and flexible to adaptability. Children can get out in their environments and explore what their earth has to offer and how we can continue to help it regenerate. This gives hope to individuals rather than feel helpless, and it allows communities to come together and work collaboratively transforming one another’s change in thinking with the use of one common goal by looking for a better future. The value of ecologising education is it creates

Declining Fish Stock over-Fishing the World’s Oceans Free Essays

The world’s oceanic large fish populations are disappearing at an alarming rate and extinction is a growing concern. An estimated 90% are already gone and the situation will continue to get worse if drastic measures are not taken (University of Phoenix, 2007). Even though the fishing industry will suffer, conservation methods should be developed and enforced soon because large fish populations are endangered and their habitats are being destroyed. We will write a custom essay sample on Declining Fish Stock: over-Fishing the World’s Oceans or any similar topic only for you Order Now Various netting techniques not only deplete fish populations, but also destroy habitats for many of the ocean’s species including plants and animals. Growing world populations and commercial fishing have placed an overwhelming demand on the oceans. Drastic steps should be taken soon to allow fish populations to regenerate and to sustain the numbers necessary to maintain the oceans’ natural balance, and to feed the world’s growing human population. Steps should include conservation methods enforced by the United States (U. S. ) government, development of massive fish farms, and cooperation from other countries world-wide. Implementation of such measures will require active efforts from several organizations. According to Jeremy Jackson of the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, the damage to the ocean is almost complete but can be reversed (Wiley, 2000-2009). In an effort to bring this issue to the forefront and gain support, a plan must be devised and presented to key groups. In developing the plan, certain action items must be developed and completed prior to presentation to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The NOAA and EPA are strong influences on governmental policy and the public. Action Item One Within nine months, research regarding the effects of over-fishing large fish populations in the world’s oceans will be conducted. Endangered species and habitats will be identified. Research facts and concerns regarding the current impact on the environment and effects of the continuation of practices will be documented. Commercial fishing techniques and their impact on fish populations and habitats will be outlined, along with other statists related to marketplace demands and commercial fishing industry economics. Research will also include conservation and sustainment statistics and other information to support new and innovative ideas regarding fish farming. Environmental issues related to fish farming will also be identified and addressed. Locations for fish farms and the resources needed will be detailed along with funding issues. Fishing industries and human populations that will be most impacted by the plan will also be identified. Action Item Two Within three months following the completion of the research portion of the plan, a presentation will be developed. The presentation will include the purpose of the presentation and the urgent need for action will be explained. The purpose of the presentation is to urge the NOAA and EPA to develop and implement the Healthy Oceans Act to improve and sustain the oceans. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council, â€Å"A Healthy Oceans Act would provide a national vision for protecting, maintaining and restoring oceans while encouraging the development and implementation of local ocean plans†, (para. 10, n. d. ). Continuation of current practices and the lack of conservation efforts will result in devastating consequences. Industry changes will be addressed along with a plan for displaced workers. As part of the plan for fish farming, fisherman can be educated and relocated to areas where fish farms are developed and maintained. Fish farms will aid in marine repopulation efforts, provide jobs for displaced fishermen, and provide an alternative food source. Arnold (2009) states, â€Å"Some scientists say the answer is a massive growth of fish farming — a so-called â€Å"blue revolution† to help feed the planet† (para 2). Action Item Three In tandem with action item two, this action item will also be conducted due to the length of time it will take to pull together the target audience for viewing of the presentation and will be ongoing up to the scheduled date. The target audience includes key individuals from the NOAA, EPA, and various other environmental organizations in the U. S. These organizations are influential in Oceanic environmental issues, have much influence in local and global policies, and have far-reaching educational programs already in place. Action Item Four In month nine or when the date is set with NOAA and the EPA, informational packets and invitations will be created and distributed to key environmentalists to persuade them to attend. Names of key environmentalists will be identified and invitations sent through month 12. The addition of key individuals will serve two purposes. The first purpose is that they will bring to the meeting their experiences with local issues, financial concerns, and objections. The second reason is that they will be able to contribute their own ideas of how the implement the plan and what will work best in their areas. Action Item Five Prior to the meeting date, attendance and the location of the meeting will be confirmed. Reminders will be sent to all attendees along with pertinent information. Equipment will be assessed and the presentation completed. Objections to the plan will be anticipated and addressed in a question and answer session. Perception of the Plan and Effects The plan will include specific recommendations for placing at least 40% of the oceans off limits for the next 15 years (Natural Resources Defense Council, n. d. ). After 15 years the off limits zones will decrease to 30% and be maintained indefinitely. Environmentalists will see the necessity of the plan based upon the decreasing fish populations and degradation of habitats for other marine plants and animals. They will also be concerned about pollution generated by fish farms. Innovative ideas regarding the reduction of pollution will be presented. Commercial fishermen will be hurt the most and objections from industry fishermen will be strong. Fishermen have spent their lives fishing and with that in mind, opportunities for training, funding, and employment will be made available. Other Problems Caused by Commercial Fishing Commercial fisherman cause other problems to the marine populations by the way they catch fish. They catch many other animals unintentionally in their nets called â€Å"bycatch† (University of Phoenix, 2007). Additionally, they destroy many habitats by net-dragging and contribute to water pollution during their processes. Laws should be developed and enforced regarding bycatch and what should be done with the unintentional catch before they are destroyed in the process. Community Effects The creation of underwater parks or fish farms will create more jobs in coastal communities and for displaced fishermen. Lifestyles changes will affect fishermen the most and perhaps they will realize a financial loss on expensive equipment. Additionally, many of the areas where their fishing has been successful will be made off limits which will also cause financial losses.? University of Phoenix. (2007). Declining Fish Stock VLR. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Six, SCI/275 – Water Resource Plan. John Wiley ; Sons, Inc. (2000-2009). Visualizing Environmental Science, Chapter 11. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from University of Phoenix, Week Six, SCI/275 – Water Resource Plan. Arnold, Chris. (2009). Feeding the World with Deep-Sea Fish Farms. NPR. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=5291579 Natural Resources Defense Council. (n. d. ). Reviving Our Oceans. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://www. nrdc. org/water/oceans/policy. asp How to cite Declining Fish Stock: over-Fishing the World’s Oceans, Papers

The United Kingdom Constitution

Question: Describe about the advantages of a written constitution far outweigh the disadvantages and the United Kingdom constitution should now be codified? Answer: At present there is no written constitution in the United Kingdom and in its place, there is a collection of laws and customs through which the political system of the country is governed. The UK and Israel are the only two democracies of the world where a written constitution is not present. The Constitution can be described as a set of rules to which the actions of the government are controlled in order to make sure that these actions are lawful. Therefore, it implies something that is much more significant than the idea of legality according to which, it is required that the official conduct should be according to prefixed rules. At the same time, it is also important that a constitution has the capacity to vary with the society. In the present assignment, the statement has been considered according to which the advantages of the written Constitution are much more than its disadvantages and therefore, it is time that the constitution of the UK should be codified. One major argument that needs to be considered in this regard is the fact that by enshrining the constitutional laws and customs in a document, clarity can be achieved for those who are working within the system and it will also be easier for the persons who want to scrutinise it. One more argument that is generally given in support of the need for having a written constitution is that of checks and balances. At present, it is considered that the judiciary is in a good Position regarding its ability to act as a check against the actions of the Parliament. Therefore it is argued that this power of the judiciary can be increased by a written constitution. It is believed by a large number of people that in case of party enjoys majority in the House of Commons; such political party is in a position to change the Constitution. An example in this regard can be given of the reforms introduced by former Prime Minister Tony Blair regarding the House of Lords. As a result of the majority, he succeeded in completely changing half of the legislature without any referendum or other means through which consensus can be checked. In such a case, a written constitution would certainly have acted as a safeguard because it makes it difficult to change. For example, for this purpose, either 2/3 majority is required in both houses or such changes need to be passed by referendum. Another argument that is generally given in favor of written constitution is the protection from extremists. It is claimed that a written constitution may offer protection in case an extremist comes to power and wishes to disregard the democratic procedures. It is also claimed t hat without the written constitution, there is no Bill of Rights in the UK that can protect the citizens from the actions of an over powerful government. Although the Human Rights Act is present in this regard but it provides the protection because the judges can only give a ruling that the new legislations are noncompliant with the Act and at the same time, if it so wishes, the government can even ignore these rulings. At the same time, it is also easy to amend the Human Rights Act and for this purpose only a simple majority is required in both the Houses. On the other hand, this fact cannot be denied that the United Kingdom has been able to survive very well without a written Constitution. The public is not looking for a written Constitution because the conventions governing the political procedure are well understood by it. At the same time, there is another perspective from which this issue can be considered and it lies in the doctrine of the sovereignty of the Parliament. According to this doctrine, Parliament is considered as supreme and only the Parliament has the power to make or break the laws. However the Parliament cannot bind its successors or at the same time the Parliament cannot be bound by its predecessors. If the notion of a written constitution is adopted by the UK, this doctrine may become totally irrelevant and it may not be in a position to execute itself as it did in the past due to the reason that the judges rule upon the written constitutions. In the United Kingdom, the judges are unelected and as a result, it is undemocratic to take away the power from the elected representatives of the people and give the same to the judges who sometimes tend to be reactionary. Flexibility is one of the most prominent benefits provided by the present system. If the government has the political mandate, the Constitution can be reformed by the government for example, as was done in the case of the House of Lords. On the other hand, if a two third majority was required in both the Houses, it was possible that such a measure may not have been passed. At this point, it also needs to be noted that in countries like the US where a written constitution is present, it is almost impossible to change the Constitution. The question arises in this regard at how we can become sure of the fact that what is best for the country at present will also remain the best for the country for the coming years also. UK is a unitary state and the Parliament at Westminster is the only body that can legislate for the country and all the laws in the UK including the law related with the Constitution can be enacted, amended or repealed by the Queen in Parliament. No specific procedure ha s been prescribed for changing the law and even the most significant laws can be changed with the help of single majority. This means that the decision-making process has not been muted in any way as a result of the previous legislation. Apart from these obvious points, it is also a fact that having an unwritten constitution has caused concern in the United Kingdom as there is no single document that stands alone but this fact also makes the position unique in itself. The position has somehow managed to operate effectively and proved itself to be an enduring system of governance. Although concerns have been raised from time to time, the nature of unwritten Constitution has effectively ironed out these concerns and has been working quite efficiently. The unwritten constitution of the United Kingdom is partly based on the Acts of Parliament and also on judicial decisions as well as on political practice and on the detailed procedures that have been established by different organs of government to perform their own tasks. In this way, the unwritten constitution of the United Kingdom provides a comprehensive and complex system of governance which has worked well in the United Kingdom. It can also be argued in this regard that it is not necessary that by adopting a written constitution, the current flexibility may be lost altogether. However it is not possible for the written Constitution to contain all the detailed rules on which the government depends. At this way, a written constitution generally evolves a wide range of customary rules and practices that are usually easier to change that they changed the constitution itself and at the same time, the constant evolution of these rules and practices also reduce the requirement for fo rmal amendment in the written Constitution. But the same thing is already happening in the United Kingdom where the Constitution is evolving with time in order to fulfill the demands of the people. Therefore as mentioned above, each constitution varies with the society. United Kingdom has long established doctrines and principles that are embedded in the minds of the people. It has resulted in the creation of the present society and despite several obstacles (that are present in case of credit and as well as the unwritten constitution), it has succeeded in developing one of the finest legal systems of the world and at the same time an excellent system of governance. There are a lot of people who believe that the system of unwritten constitution is working well in the country. It has been created over a long time and it has also seen the country grow into its present form. The present system has been developed on the basis of not only the great events but also on the great minds of the region which have given it a distinct flavor of pride. There is nothing of its kind and certainly the system is functional. Therefore, why should we tried to fix something that is not broken. Bibliography Bruce Ackerman, 2007 , The Living Constitution, Harvard Law Review, 7, vol. 120, May Said Amir Arjomand (ed.), 2007, Constitutional and Political Reconstruction (Leiden: Brill) Hiranmay Bagchi, 1969, Inside Major Constitutions: An analytical, comparative, critical and selective treaties on five Constitutions American, British, Indian, Soviet and Swiss (Calcutta: World Press) Sir John Baker, 2009, Our Unwritten Constitution, Maccabaean Lecture in Jurisprudence, British Academy Tony Benn and Andrew Hood, 1993, Common Sense: A New Constitution for Britain (London: Hutchinson) Tom Bingham, 2001, The Rule of Law (London: Allen Lane) Vernon Bogdanor, 1999, Devolution in the United Kingdom (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Vernon Bogdanor, Stephen Hockman QC et al., 2010, Towards a Codified Constitution, Justice Vernon Bogdanor, Tarunabh Khaitan and Steven Vogenauer, 2007, Should Britain Have a Written Constitution?, The Political Quarterly, Vol. 78, Issue 4 Rodney Brazier, 2008, Constitutional Reform: Reshaping the British Political System (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Beau Breslin, 2009, From Words to Worlds: Exploring constitutional functionality (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press) Chris Bryant (ed.), 2007, Towards a new constitutional settlement (The Smith Institute) Russell Deacon and Alan Sandry, 2007, Devolution in the United Kingdom (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press)